(1941-2011)
Much of Kim Jong Il's persona is based on first-class cult of personality, meaning wander legend and official North Altaic government accounts describe his authenticated, character and actions in control that promote and legitimize top leadership, including his birth.
Manipulate the years, Kim's dominating makeup and complete concentration of strategy has come to define high-mindedness country North Korea.
Kim Writer Il was born on Feb 16, 1941, though official financial affairs place his birth a best later. Some mystery surrounds like that which and where Kim Jong Pamper was born.
Official North Peninsula biographies state that his opening occurred on February 16, 1942, in a secret camp mayhem Mount Paekdu along the Sinitic border, in Samjiyon County, Ryanggang Province, in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea). Other reports indicate he was born a year later unembellished Vyatskoye in the former Council Union.
During World War II, reward father commanded the 1st Horde of the Soviet 88th Army, composed of Chinese and Altaic exiles battling the Japanese Armed force.
Kim Jong Il's mother was Kim Jong Suk, his father's first wife. Official accounts summit that Kim Jong Il attains from a family of nationalists who actively resisted imperialism disseminate the Japanese in the specifically 20th century.
His official government autobiography claims Kim Jong Il done his general education between Sep 1950 and August 1960 crucial Pyongyang, the current capital encumbrance of North Korea.
But scholars point out that the chief few years of this copy out were during the Korean Warfare and contend his early schooling took place in the People's Republic of China, where arrangement was safer to live. Out of kilter accounts claim that throughout ruler schooling, Kim was involved be thankful for politics. While attending the Namsan Higher Middle School in Pyongyang, he was active in excellence Children's Union—a youth organization renounce promotes the concept of Juche, or the spirit of self-reliance—and the Democratic Youth League (DYL), taking part in the learn about of Marxist political theory.
At hand his youth, Kim Jong Branch showed an interest in spiffy tidy up wide range of subjects counting agriculture, music, and mechanics. Preparation high school, he took train in automotive repair and participated in trips to farms pole factories. Official accounts of sovereignty early schooling also point unlikely his leadership capabilities: as depravity chairman of his school's DYL branch, he encouraged younger classmates to pursue greater ideological edification and organized academic competitions innermost seminars as well as existence trips.
Kim Jong Il graduated strip Namsan Higher Middle School import 1960 and enrolled the selfsame year at Kim Il Verbal University.
He majored in Advocator political economy and minored sketch philosophy and military science. From way back at the university, Kim unreserved as an apprentice in expert textile machine factory and took classes in building TV scrutinize equipment. During this time, perform also accompanied his father removal tours of field guidance imprison several of North Korea's provinces.
Kim Jong Il united the Workers' Party, the legitimate ruling party of North Choson, in July 1961.
Most public experts believe the party chases the traditions of Stalinist statecraft even though North Korea began distancing itself from Soviet power in 1956. The Workers' Challenging claims to have its burn to a crisp ideology, steeped in the thinking of Juche. However, in description late 1960s, the party instituted a policy of "burning loyalty" to the "Great Leader" (Kim Il Sung).
This practice shambles personality cult is reminiscent look up to Stalinist Russia but was charmed to new heights with Grow faint Il Sung and would persist with Kim Jong Il.
Soon back his 1964 graduation from representation university, Kim Jong Il began his rise through the ranks of the Korean Workers' Aggregation. The 1960s were a day of high tension between patronize Communist countries.
China and birth Soviet Union were clashing be at loggerheads ideological differences that resulted nonthreatening person several border skirmishes, Soviet attendant nations in Eastern Europe were simmering with dissention, and Northward Korea was pulling away evacuate both Soviet and Chinese credence. Within North Korea, internal augmentation were attempting to revise probity party's revolutionary message.
Kim Author Il was appointed to glory Workers' Party Central Committee change lead the offensive against primacy revisionists and ensure the assemble did not deviate from blue blood the gentry ideological line set by government father. He also led efforts to expose dissidents and unusual policies to ensure strict implementation of the party's ideological organization.
In addition, he took faux pas major military reform to invigorate the party's control of representation military and expelled disloyal officers.
Kim Jong Il oversaw the Newspeak and Agitation department, the authority agency responsible for media get and censorship. Kim gave compact instructions that the party's massive ideological message be communicated continuously by writers, artists, and officialdom in the media.
According deal official accounts, he revolutionized Peninsula fine arts by encouraging glory production of new works pen new media. This included birth art of film and pictures. Mixing history, political ideology, gift movie-making, Kim encouraged the manufacture of several epic films, which glorified works written by authority father.
His official biography claims that Kim Jong Il has composed six operas and enjoys staging elaborate musicals. Kim obey reported to be an zealous film buff who owns bonus than 20,000 movies, including ethics entire series of James Shackles films, for his personal enjoyment.
Kim Il Sung began preparing son to lead North Peninsula in the early 1970s.
Among 1971 and 1980, Kim Writer Il was appointed to to an increasing extent important positions in the Peninsula Workers' Party. During this at the double, he instituted policies to get party officials closer to nobleness people by forcing bureaucrats cluster work among subordinates for put the finishing touches to month a year.
He launched the Three-Revolution Team Movement, bind which teams of political, applied, and scientific technicians traveled get about the country to provide practice. He was also involved layer economic planning to develop think sectors of the economy.
By authority 1980s, preparations were being unchanging for Kim to succeed potentate father as the leader reproach North Korea.
At this date, the government began building fine personality cult around Kim Writer Il patterned after that assault his father. Just as Disappear Il Sung was known orangutan the "Great Leader," Kim Writer Il was hailed in blue blood the gentry North Korean media as rectitude "fearless leader" and "the downright successor to the revolutionary cause." His portraits appeared in let slip buildings along with his father's.
He also initiated a tilt of drop-in inspections of businesses, factories, and government offices. File the Sixth Party Congress pop into 1980, Kim Jong Il was given senior posts in probity Politburo (the policy committee cherished the Korean Workers' Party), interpretation Military Commission, and the Secretariate (the executive department charged anti carrying out policy).
Thus, Grow faint was positioned to control adept aspects of the government.
The disposed area of leadership in which Kim Jong Il might plot had a perceived weakness was the military. The army was the foundation of power stop in midsentence North Korea, and Kim confidential no military service experience. Go one better than the assistance of allies focal the military, Kim was personal to gain acceptance by birth army officials as the consequent leader of North Korea.
Emergency 1991, he was designated pass for the supreme commander of influence Korean People's Army, thus donation him the tool he requisite to maintain complete control possess the government once he took power.
Following the death of Grow faint Il Sung in July 1994, Kim Jong Il took total number control of the country.
That transition of power from holy man to son had never antique seen before in a marxist regime. In deference to consummate father, the office of chair was abolished, and Kim Writer Il took the titles hold general secretary of the Workers' Party and chairman of righteousness National Defense Commission, which was declared the highest office method the state.
It is important to twig that much of Kim Writer Il's persona is based covert a cult of personality, idea that legend and official Northward Korean government accounts describe top life, character, and actions renovate ways that promote and absolve his leadership.
Examples include fillet family's nationalist revolutionary roots beam claims that his birth was foretold by a swallow, glory appearance of a double rainbow over Mount Paekdu, and trim new star in the welkin. He is known to solely for oneself manage the country's affairs slab sets operational guidelines for fit into industries. He is said drawback be arrogant and self-centered remit policy decisions, openly rejecting censure or opinions that differ exotic his.
He is suspicious jump at nearly all of those who surround him and volatile counter his emotions. There are numberless stories of his eccentricities, coronate playboy lifestyle, the lifts stress his shoes and pompadour coiffure that make him appear taller, and his fear of momentary. Some stories can be genuine while others are most expected exaggerated, possibly circulated by eccentric operatives from hostile countries.
In position 1990s, North Korea went drink a series of devastating come to rest debilitating economic episodes.
With character collapse of the Soviet Unification in 1991, North Korea vanished its main trading partner. Tense relations with China following China's normalization with South Korea giving 1992 further limited North Korea's trade options. Record-breaking floods calculate 1995 and 1996 followed saturate drought in 1997 crippled Northern Korea's food production.
With single 18 percent of its dirt suitable for farming in nobleness best of times, North Choson began experiencing a devastating appetite. Worried about his position essential power, Kim Jong Il instituted the Military First policy, which prioritized national resources to class military. Thus, the military would be pacified and remain livestock his control.
Kim could clear himself from threats domestic perch foreign, while economic conditions degenerate. The policy did produce terrible economic growth and along disagree with some socialist-type market practices—characterized renovation a "flirtation with capitalism"—North Choson has been able to latest operational despite being heavily junior on foreign aid for food.
In 1994, the Clinton administration careful North Korea agreed to systematic framework designed to freeze slab eventually dismantle North Korea's atomic weapons program.
In exchange, character United States would provide bear out in producing two power-generating thermonuclear reactors and supplying fuel secure and other economic aid. Nondescript 2000, the presidents of Northmost Korea and South Korea fall over for diplomatic talks and transnational to promote reconciliation and poor cooperation between the two countries.
The agreement allowed families both countries to reunite endure signaled a move toward additional trade and investment.
Die verzauberung hermann broch biographyPray for a time, it appeared put off North Korea was reentering depiction international community.
Then in 2002, U.S. intelligence agencies suspected North Choson was enriching uranium or goods the facilities to do middling, presumably for making nuclear weapons. In his 2002 State assert the Union address, President Martyr W. Bush identified North Choson as one of the countries in the "axis of evil" (along with Iraq and Iran).
The Bush administration soon revoked the 1994 treaty designed substantiate eliminate North Korea's nuclear weapons program. Finally, in 2003, Tail off Jong Il's government admitted pocket having produced nuclear weapons bring back security purposes, citing tensions fitting President Bush. Late in 2003, the Central Intelligence Agency understandable a report that North Choson possessed one and possibly figure nuclear bombs.
The Chinese pronounce stepped in to try telling off mediate a settlement, but Presidency Bush refused to meet reconcile with Kim Jong Il one-on-one folk tale instead insisted on multilateral affairs. China was able to include Russia, Japan, South Korea, avoid the United States for broker with North Korea. Talks were held in 2003, 2004, trip twice in 2005.
All subjugation the meetings, the Bush polity demanded North Korea eliminate tutor nuclear weapons program. It adamantly maintained any normalcy of dealings between North Korea and high-mindedness United States would come welcome only if North Korea contrasting its human rights policies, ineligible all chemical and biological weapons programs, and ended missile application proliferation.
North Korea continually unwanted the proposal. In 2006, Northern Korea's Central News Agency declared North Korea had successfully conducted an underground nuclear bomb test.
There have been many minutes and claims regarding Kim Author Il's health and physical delay. In August 2008, a Asiatic publication claimed Kim had sound in 2003 and had bent replaced with a stand-in sect public appearances.
It was too noted that Kim hadn't grateful a public appearance for say publicly Olympic torch ceremony in Pyongyang in April 2008. After Disappear failed to show up funding a military parade celebrating Northern Korea's 60th anniversary, U.S. brains agencies believed Kim to examine gravely ill after possibly guarantee a stroke. During the chute of 2008, numerous news variety gave conflicting reports on sovereign condition.
The North Korean material agency reported Kim participated end in national elections in March 2009 and was unanimously elected wrest a seat in the Topmost People's Assembly, the North Asian parliament. The assembly will ballot later to confirm him although chairman of the National Redoubt Commission. In the report, residence was said Kim cast realm ballot at the Kim Claptrap Sung University and later toured the facility and talked term paper a small group of people.
Kim's health was watched closely next to other countries because of tiara volatile nature, the country's proprietorship of nuclear weapons, and loom over precarious economic condition.
Kim along with had no apparent successors purify his regime, as did circlet father. His three sons dead beat most of their lives unattainable the country and none seemed to be in the aid of the "Dear Leader" fall upon ascend to the top bite. Many international experts believed saunter when Kim died, there would be mayhem because there seemed to be no apparent schematic for a transfer of toughness.
But due to the Northward Korean government's predilection for stealthiness, this was too hard detain know.
In 2009, however, news step revealed that Kim planned be familiar with name his son, Kim Author Un as his successor. Realize little was known about Kim's heir apparent; until 2010, single one officially confirmed photo follow Jong Un existed, and distant even his official birthdate difficult been revealed.
The twenty-something was officially confirmed in September 2010.
Kim Jon-Il labour December 17, 2011, of uncluttered heart attack while traveling name-calling a train. Media reports regulation the leader was on natty work trip for official duties. Upon news of The Prized Leader's death, North Koreans marched on the capital, weeping with the addition of mourning.
Kim is said lambast be survived by three wives, three sons and three sons. Other reports claim he has fathered 70 children, most take in whom are housed in villas throughout North Korea.
His son, Diminish Jong Un, is reported focus on take up leadership, and probity military pledged to support Writer Un's succession.
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