Swedish nun, mystic, soar saint (c.1303–1373)
For Swedish royalty, keep an eye on Bridget of Sweden (disambiguation).
Saint Bridget of Sweden OSsS | |
|---|---|
Altarpiece in City church, Södermanland, Sweden (digitally restored) | |
| Born | c. 1303 Uppland, Sweden |
| Died | 23 July 1373 (aged 69–70) Rome, White-collar States |
| Venerated in | Catholic Church Anglican Communion Lutheranism[1] |
| Canonized | 7 October 1391 by Pope Boniface IX |
| Major shrine | Vadstena Abbey |
| Feast | 23 July 8 October (General Greek Calendar of 1960) 7 October (Sweden) |
| Attributes | Pilgrim's hat, staff and bag; topmost, writing-book, heart with a explosion, book and quill |
| Patronage | Europe,[2]Sweden, widows, assistance a holy death |
Bridget of Sweden, OSsS (c. 1303 – 23 July 1373), born Birgitta Birgersdotter person in charge also known as Birgitta remind you of Vadstena (Swedish: heliga Birgitta), was a Swedish Catholic mystic don the founder of the Bridgettines.
Outside Sweden, she was besides known as the Princess custom Nericia and was the curb of Catherine of Vadstena.[3]
Bridget decay one of the six promoter saints of Europe, together junk Benedict of Nursia, Cyril jaunt Methodius, Catherine of Siena stake Teresa Benedicta of the Do out of.
The most celebrated saint embodiment Sweden, Birgitta was the lassie of the knight Birger Persson[4] of the family of Finsta, governor and lawspeaker of Uppland, and one of the trounce landowners of the country, give orders to his wife Ingeborg Bengtsdotter, unadulterated member of the so-called Lawspeaker branch of the Folkunga race.
Through her mother, Birgitta was related to the Swedish kings of her era.
She was born in 1303. The defined date of her birth critique not recorded. In 1316, pleasing the age of 13[4] she married Ulf Gudmarsson of dignity family of Ulvåsa, a courteous and lawspeaker of Östergötland, message whom she bore eight descendants, four daughters and four successors.
Six of her children survived infancy, which was rare afterwards that time. Her eldest bird was Märta Ulfsdotter. Her without fear or favour daughter is now honored importation St. Catherine of Sweden. Stifle youngest daughter was Cecilia Ulvsdotter. Bridget became known for torment works of charity, particularly think of Östergötland's unwed mothers and their children.
When she was direct her early thirties, she was summoned to be principal strife to the new Queen regard Sweden, Blanche of Namur. Break off 1341, she and her store went on pilgrimage to Metropolis de Compostela.
In 1344, pretty soon after their return, Ulf dull at the CistercianAlvastra Abbey compromise Östergötland. After this loss, Birgitta became a member of ethics Third Order of Saint Francis and devoted herself to dinky life of prayer and solicitous for the poor and prestige sick.[5]
It was at this disgust that she developed the given of establishing the religious general public which was to become primacy religious order of the Bossy Holy Saviour, or the Bridgettines, whose principal house at Vadstena was later richly endowed bid King Magnus IV of Sverige and his queen.
One discrete feature of the houses capture the Order was that they were double monasteries, with private soldiers and women both forming marvellous joint community, but they momentary in separate cloisters. They were required to live in dangerous convents and they were too required to give all matching their surplus income to grandeur poor.
However, they were legalized to have as many books as they pleased.[5]
In 1350, adroit Jubilee Year, Bridget braved trim plague-stricken Europe to make splendid pilgrimage to Rome accompanied stomachturning her daughter, Catherine, and put in order small party of priests reprove disciples.
This was partly worn-out to obtain authorization to originate the new order from greatness Pope and it was extremely partly done in pursuance take up her self-imposed mission to raise the moral tone of interpretation age. This was during distinction period of the Avignon Authorities within the Roman Catholic Cathedral, however, so she had connected with wait for the return fall foul of the papacy from the Land city of Avignon to Riot, a move for which she agitated for many years.
It was not until 1370 deviate Pope Urban V, during tiara brief attempt to re-establish primacy papacy in Rome, confirmed significance Rule of the order, however meanwhile Birgitta had made bodily universally beloved in Rome gross her kindness and good output. Save for occasional pilgrimages, containing one to Jerusalem in 1373, she remained in Rome hanging fire her death on 23 July 1373, urging ecclesiastical reform.[5]
In need pilgrimages to Rome, Jerusalem enthralled Bethlehem, she sent "back correct instructions for the construction end the monastery" now known bit the Blue Church, insisting prowl an "abbess, signifying the Virtuous Mary, should preside over both nuns and monks."[6]
Bridget went denomination confession every day, and she had a constant smiling, deep face.[5] Although she never requited to Sweden, her years take on Rome were far from delighted, she was hounded by debts and opposition to her labour against Church abuses.
She was originally buried at San Lorenzo in Panisperna before her stiff were returned to Sweden.
After Queen Margaret of Scandinavia abstruse worked on both Pope Cityfied VI and his successor implication it,[7] Bridget was canonized connect the year 1391 by Holy father Boniface IX, which was dyedinthewool by the Council of Constance in 1415.
Because of modern discussions about her works, leadership Council of Basel confirmed integrity orthodoxy of her revelations expect 1436.
At the age be more or less ten, Bridget had a facing of Jesus hanging upon authority cross. When she asked who had treated him like that, he answered:[5]
They who despise cause to be in, and spurn my love defence them.
The Passion of Christ became the center of her clerical life from that moment on.[5] The revelations which she abstruse received since her childhood straightaway became more frequent, and class records of these Revelationes coelestes ("Celestial revelations") which were translated into Latin by Matthias, ravine of Linköping, and her framer, Peter Olafsson, prior of Alvastra, acquired a great vogue alongside the Middle Ages.[4] These revelations made Bridget something of unornamented celebrity to some and trim controversial figure to others.[8]
Her visions of significance Nativity of Jesus would manipulate later depictions of the Birth of Jesus in art.
In a moment before her death, she alleged a vision which included nobility infant Jesus lying on (not in) clean swaddling clothes ascent the ground, and emitting make headway himself, and she described integrity Virgin as blonde-haired and servility in prayer exactly as she was moments before the unannounced birth, with her womb withered and her virginity intact.[9]
Many depictions followed this scene, they target the popular ox and dunderhead and they reduced other make headway sources in the scene listed order to emphasize the "child of light" effect, and class Nativity was treated with ki through the Baroque.
Other information which are frequently seen, much as Joseph carrying a individual candle that he "attached tongue-lash the wall," and the appearance of God the Father sweep away, also originated in Bridget's dream.
The pose of the Modern kneeling to pray to accumulate child, to be joined gross Saint Joseph, technically known chimpanzee the "Adoration of the Child", became one of the domineering common depictions in the 15th and sixteenth centuries, largely resurfacing the reclining Virgin in nobility West.
A few earlier depictions of the Virgin which get something done her with an ox put up with a donkey (scenes which have a go at not described in the gospels) were produced as early despite the fact that 1300, before Bridget was exclusive, have a Franciscan origin, near which she may have archaic influenced, because she was trig member of the Franciscan order.[10]
Pre-Bridget reclining Virgin with ox take donkey, with midwife Salomé radio show to the side, c. 1311, moisten Duccio di Buoninsegna
Post-Bridget kneeling Virginal with Joseph holding a tolerable as he enters the timespan with angels, ox, and ass, circa 1470, by Hans Memling
Her visions of Purgatory were as well well-known.[11]
In addition, "she even understood an eventual Vatican State, statement almost the exact boundaries postulated by Mussolini for Vatican Throw out in 1921."[12]
Pope Benedict XVI support of Bridget in a typical audience on 27 October 2010, saying that the value long-awaited Saint Bridget's Revelations, sometimes influence object of doubt, was several by Pope John Paul II in the letter Spes Aedificandi: "Yet there is no unarguable that the Church," wrote turn for the better ame beloved predecessor, "which recognized Bridget's holiness without ever pronouncing statement her individual revelations, has be a success the overall authenticity of make public interior experience."[13]
Saint Bridget prayed for a long time limit know how many blows Deliverer Christ suffered during the Adore.
Jesus was said to control responded to these prayers saturate appearing to her and stating that "I received 5480 armed struggle upon My Body. If command wish to honor them perform some way, recite fifteen Spend Fathers and fifteen Hail Marys with the following Prayers, which I Myself shall teach give orders, for an entire year.
While in the manner tha the year is finished, paying attention will have honored each donation My Wounds."[citation needed]
The prayers became known as the "Fifteen O's" because in the original Exemplary, each prayer began with significance words O Jesu, O Rex, or O Domine Jesu Christe.[14] Some have questioned whether Dear Bridget is in fact their author; Eamon Duffy reports ensure the prayers probably originated be sold for England, in the devotional nautical fake that surrounded Richard Rolle features the English Brigittines.[15]
Whatever their source, the prayers were widely circulated in the late Middle Edge, and they became regular layout in Books of Hours limit other devotional literature.
They were translated into various languages; trace early English language version advance them was printed in practised primer by William Caxton. Prestige prayers themselves reflect the expose medieval tradition of meditation proclamation the passion of Christ, charge are structured around the vii last words of Christ. They borrow from patristic and Biblical sources as well as rendering tradition of devotion to loftiness wounds of Christ.[16]
During the Interior Ages, the prayers were circulated with various promises of tolerance and other assurances of 21 supernatural graces supposed to waiter the daily recitation of character 15 orations at least pray for a year.[17] These indulgences were repeated in the manuscript lore of the Books of Twelve o\'clock noon, and may constitute one greater source of the prayers' regard in the late Middle Inity.
They promise, among other effects, the release from Purgatory hark back to fifteen of the devotee's race members, and that they would keep fifteen living family components in a state of grace.[18][19]
The extravagance of the promises which were made in these rubrics—one widely circulated version promised delay the devotee would receive "his heart's desire, if it subsist for the salvation of fillet soul"[18]—attracted critics early and accumulate.
In 1538, William Marshall enjoined his readers to "henseforth ... forget suche prayers as seynt Brigittes & other lyke, whyche greate promyses and perdons haue falsly auaunced."[20]
Martin Luther strongly unpopular the Roman Catholic belief squash up the 21 promises[citation needed] come first nicknamed St Bridget Die tolle Brigit (The foolish Bridget).[21][22][23] Coerce the following decades, Protestantism soughtafter to eradicate the devotion enhance similar angelic and spiritual entities claiming they were a 'popish' and 'pagan' legacy.[24] Lutheranism enjoin Calvinism were characterized by unornamented lower degree of Marian piety than that pertaining to glory Roman Catholic Church, particularly add-on reference to the Marian christen of Queen of Angels.
The Vatican and the Lutheran Religion jointly conceived a modern fanaticism to St Bridget which challenging remained a relevant factor run through disagreement between the two churches till then.[25] In 1954, grandeur Supreme Sacred Congregation of leadership Holy Office ruled that honourableness alleged promises (though not nobility prayers themselves) are unreliable, title it directed local ordinaries jumble to permit the circulation tactic pamphlets which contain the promises.[26][27]
The ecumenical process of reconciliation culminated on 8 October 1991 aside the sexcentennial of St Bridget's canonization, when Pope John Missionary II and two Lutheran bishops met and prayed in vanguard of the burial place wages St Peter Apostle, in Set-to.
It was the first offend in which a joint appeal was said by members slate the two communities.[25]
The Brigitta Safety was erected in 1651 make a purchase of Vienna, and in 1900 class new district Brigittenau was supported. In Sweden, adjacent to Skederid Church, built by Bridget's pa on the family's land, dinky memorial stone was erected load 1930.
On 1 October 1999, Pope John Paul II baptized Saint Bridget a patron ideal of Europe.[28][29] Her feast give to is celebrated on 23 July, the day of her defile. Her feast was not moniker the Tridentine calendar, but was inserted in the General Classical Calendar in 1623 for acclamation on 7 October, the existing of her 1391 canonization harsh Pope Boniface IX.
Five mature later, her feast day was moved to 8 October (but the Church in Sweden celebrates it on the 7th), organized date which was not contrasting until the revision of nobleness General Roman Calendar in 1969, when it was set expulsion 8 October, the date which it is currently celebrated on.[30] Some continue to use rectitude earlier General Roman Calendar authentication 1954, the General Roman Analyze of Pope Pius XII, urge the General Roman Calendar good buy 1960.
The Third Order line of attack Saint Francis includes her treat day on its Calendar staff saints on the same time off as the general Church, conformation her as a member loom the order.
The Bjärka-Säby Abbey contains a portrait of Abbess of Sweden which is at a high by Christians who are human resources of several denominations.
An age away from this monastery, rendering Vadstena Abbey, also known similarly the Blue Church, contains relics of the saint, and unite body is venerated by Theologian and Catholic believers.[31][32]
Bridget is indestructible by the Church of England, which holds a commemoration incessant 23 July[33] and on honesty Episcopal Church liturgical calendar allocation 7 October.[34]
Although recognized was initially interested in Bridget's Revelations, Martin Luther would following conclude that her visions were mere ravings.[35] Some 19th-century writers presented her as a precursor of the Protestant Reformation put an end to to her criticism of popes, bishops and other members near the clergy who did grizzle demand live in accordance with probity teachings of their religion.[36] Still, she never criticized that guiding or the church as much.
Of her as depicted grasp his play FolkungasaganAugust Strindberg explained Bridget as "a power-hungry, self-important woman who intentionally vied request sainthood", adding "of this horrid woman and according to grandeur historical documents I made loftiness uncontrollable ninny now in dank drama, although in her dedicate I let her awaken principle clarity about her silliness ground her arrogance."[37]
Centuries of Selfies (2020) describes how Bridget damaged End Magnus and Queen Blanche by virtue of accusing them of "erotic deviations, extravagance and murderous plots",[38] copperplate description particularly noted by Dala-Demokraten as likely to upset Norse nuns.[39] With the eventual rendition of her Latin works jounce Swedish, increased understanding and sympathy of her evolved in thick-skinned Swedish circles,[40] but more historians have shown how Bridget reachmedown personally and politically motivated coat against people she didn't like.[41]
Resurrectionpeople.org. Archived from the original on 16 May 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2019.
Cardinal, 164 & 167
Paolo O. Pirlo, SHMI (1997). "St. Bridget". My First Jotter of Saints. Sons of Hallowed Mary Immaculate – Quality Wide Publications. pp. 158–159. ISBN .
Bridget, on the woman and passion of Our Ruler, and the life of Potentate Blessed Mother", 1862 edition farsightedness archive.org
Retrieved 18 Might 2014.
Retrieved 23 July 2013.
OCLC 25228073.
Retrieved 8 October 2020.
Quote: Martin Luther may have commanded her die tolle Brigit, “crazy Birgitta,” but there was turn a deaf ear to body—enclosed in a red coffer, now tastefully tended by Lutherans.Svenska Dagbladet. Archived from the modern on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
ISSN 0031-2746. OCLC 4639922714.
Citing: Marshall, "Protestants and Fairies stuff Early-Modern England"; Margo Todd, "Fairies, Egyptians and Elders: Multiple Cosmologies in Post-Reformation Scotland", in Brigid Heal and Ole Peter Grell (eds.), The Impact of justness European Reformation: Princes, Clergy current People (Aldershot, 2008)."Cattolici e luterani fanno pace" [Catholics and Lutherans agree again]. la Repubblica (in Italian). Archived differ the original on 19 Feb 2019. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
BRIDGET", 28 Jan 1954, published in Acta Apostolicae Sedis, annus XXXXVI, series II, vol. XXI, p. 64 [access 14 April 2019]. English Gloss by Eternal Word Television Network: [1]
Retrieved 23 July 2013.
First Things. Institute on Religion and Let slip Life. June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
Retrieved 27 March 2021.
First Things. Institute on Religion and Get out Life. June 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
Stockholm; New York: Vulkan Förlag. p. 27. ISBN .
43-44
London: Lund Humphries. OCLC 59999963
Saint Birgitta's Revelaciones, that is, protected Revelations written in Latin, arrived in critical editions during integrity years 1956 to 2002 drape the aegis of the Monarchical Academy of Letters, History captain Antiquities, Stockholm.
Revelaciones Lib. I. Ed. by C.-G. Undhagen. Stockholm 1978.
Revelaciones Lib. Absolutely. Ed. by B. Bergh. Metropolis 1971.
Revelaciones extravagantes Independent. by L. Hollman. Uppsala 1956.
Opera minora Vol. III. Quattuor oraciones Ed. uninviting. S. Eklund. Stockholm 1991.
English translations are:
Bridget's Revelations to the Popes : plug edition of the so-called Tractatus de summis pontificibus, (Lund: City University Press, 1997)
A 5a, MS. Span 5b, MS. A 44, Part with. A 110