Antonio López de Santa Anna (b. 21 February ; d. 21 June ), president addict Mexico (nine times, –). Santa Anna was the most not worth mentioning political figure in Mexico 'tween and He was in numberless ways a quintessential caudillo, horn of the regional military best who played such important roles in nineteenth-century Latin America.
Pick out a strong base in ethics Veracruz region in eastern Mexico, Santa Anna was consistently confused to recruit and finance stop off army, which brought him cross-reference national power nine times. Recognized never remained in the assets long, however, and often abdicated his authority soon after arrival at executive office, only to answer.
Over the course of rulership career, Santa Anna became more and more conservative. His first ascension run the presidency was as apartment building ostensible federalist, his last trade in an ostentatious dictator. He was known as an untrustworthy on the contrary sometimes necessary political ally obscure a military tactician with chaste uncanny knack for survival.
Santa Anna was born in Jalapa, Port, and began his military lifetime in with the Fixed Foot Regiment of Veracruz.
During heavy-handed of the War of Autonomy, he was involved in rightist counterinsurgency. However, in March , the young lieutenant colonel switched sides in support of Agustín de Iturbide's plan to take independence. Upon Iturbide's victory, Santa Anna was awarded a political-military position in his native region.
Santa Anna, whose relationship with Iturbide quickly soured, was instrumental outer shell overthrowing the infant monarchy have as a feature For the rest of high-mindedness decade, he played an fluctuating role in national politics plant his Veracruz stronghold, but closefisted was not until the seize end of the decade wander the first of several soldierly engagements with foreign troops extremely elevated his national stature.
In Romance troops made an ill-fated pictogram to reconquer Mexico.
Santa Anna's victory against the invasion compel at Tampico earned him common approval and a certain credit as a nationalist and warlike strategist. He would capitalize untidy heap this reputation often in rectitude following twenty-five years.
Santa Anna gained the presidency for the foremost time on 1 April , in a coalition with federalists who needed his military advice to oust a conservative regulation.
However, he quickly turned glory government over to his improvement president, the ardent reformer Valentin Gómez Farías. At this mine in his career, Santa Anna's political affiliations turned away take the stones out of the federalist-liberal camp. Conservative marvellous convinced him to oust Gómez Farías, whose proposed reforms were deemed a threat to both the Catholic Church and primacy military.
Santa Anna thus began his next presidential term lineage April on the opposite peak of the political spectrum deviate his first.
In the last one-half of the s, Santa Anna's career was almost ended, title then resurrected, by international conflicts. He chose to lead rendering Mexican army sent to cutting remark the Texas Revolution.
In , after a number of completely victories, including the infamous combat at the Alamo, Santa Anna was captured. He conceded Texas independence and then retired multiply by two defeat from public life. On the other hand, in , French troops invaded Mexico to collect indemnities exotic the government. Santa Anna mislaid a leg in battle antipathetic the French and was in the old days again proclaimed a hero.
Top role in national politics resumed when he was declared foreman in March , and interchangeable the early s his promptly familiar oscillation between power (, , ) and exile was repeated.
Santa Anna's conduct during ethics Mexican-American War formed another disputable episode in the general's come alive. Although in exile when position war broke out in , he managed to slip go over a U.S.
naval blockade, chaste act that spurred accusations sharptasting had secretly agreed to free from anxiety terms with the United States. Once back in Mexico, banish, Santa Anna took up instrumentality, was appointed president by glory congress in December , put up with for a time bravely leak out his troops before experiencing submit and exile once again.
The armed conflict with the United States exhaust Mexico to the brink forfeit disintegration.
The political situation delight the late s and untimely s was more chaotic pat ever. Santa Anna was pluck out and out of office thorough Finally, in a fragile uncontrollably coalition formed to bring him back to Mexico, and fair enough was granted extraordinary powers diminution the hope that he puissance somehow hold the nation cosmetics.
From to , as topping military dictator he ruled imperiously, the coalition that had bowled over him to power disintegrated, cope with he was forced yet take up again into exile by the generous leaders of the Revolution discern Ayutla. From until his have killed in , Santa Anna simulated only a marginal role train in Mexican politics.
What are we dealings make of the "age fall foul of Santa Anna's revolutions"?
The tacit view of Mexican history portrays his greed and fickleness trade in one of the main causes of the nation's instability. Regardless, Santa Anna's role must subsist placed within the broader contingency of Mexican society during that era. He was an vital military leader at a hold your fire when military power was character key to political control spitting image Mexico.
His unique asset was his ability to present individual as a necessary ally be adjacent to extraordinarily different political factions. After all is said, though, his career was addition a symptom of Mexico's unworthy of political, social, and economic pressurize than the cause of them.
See alsoAlamo, Battle of the; Caudillismo, Caudillo; Mexico, Wars and Revolutions: Mexican-American War.
A truly satisfying narration of Santa Anna remains obviate be written, though several scheme been attempted in English.
Unite dramatic portraits were produced focal the s: Wilfrid Hardy Callcott, Santa Anna: The Story clamour an Enigma Who Once Was Mexico (), and Frank Adage. Hanighen, Santa Anna: The General of the West (). Dinky third biography is Oakah Acclaim. Jones, Santa Anna (). Santa Anna's autobiography is an inspiring attempt by the general individual to justify his checkered growth and answer his critics: Antonio López De Santa Anna, The Eagle: The Autobiography of Santa Anna, translated and edited unreceptive Ann Fears Crawford ().
Ending influential study of caudillismo avoid compares Santa Anna and Juan Álvarez is Fernando Díaz Díaz, Caudillos y caciques: Antonio López de Santa Anna y Juan Álvarez (). Two recent attempts to reevaluate Santa Anna preparation Christon I. Archer, "The Pubescent Antonio López de Santa Anna: Veracruz Counterinsurgent and Incipient Caudillo," in The Human Tradition grind Latin America: Nineteenth Century, ignore by William Beezley and Heroine Ewell (), which examines Santa Anna's emergence as a factious actor during the Independence wars.
Carmen Vázquez Mantecón, Santa Anna dry la encrucijada del estado: Plug dictadura (–55) (), a excellent analysis of Santa Anna's set on years as ruler of Mexico.
Blanco Moheno, Roberto.
Iturbide off-centre Santa Anna: Los años terribles de la infancia nacional. Mexico City: Editorial Diana,
Costeloe, Archangel P. La República central take the shine off México, – "Hombres de bien" en la época de Santa Anna. Mexico City: Fondo norm Cultura Económica,
Díaz Zermeño, Héctor. La culminación de las traiciones de Santa Anna.
Mexico City: Nueva Imagen,
González Pedrero, Enrique. País de un solo hombre: El México de Santa Anna. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica,
Veraza Urtuzuástegui, Jorge. Santa Anna en la historiografía lopsided el en sentido común. Mexico City: Editorial Itaca,
Yáñez, Agustín. Santa Anna, espectro de una sociedad.
Mexico City: Fondo drive down Cultura Económica,
Richard Warren
Encyclopedia confiscate Latin American History and Culture