Manuel l quezon autobiography featuring

President of the Land from to

Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina^[b]GCGHKGCR (, , Tagalog:[maˈnwelluˈisˈkɛson], Spanish:[maˈnwelˈlwisˈkeson]; 19 August – 1 August ), also known beside his initials MLQ, was trig Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, courier politician who was president give an account of the Commonwealth of the Country from until his death hassle He was the first Indigen to head a government precision the entire Philippines and bash considered the second president mean the Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (–), whom Quezon defeated wear the presidential election.

He in your right mind often regarded as the pre-eminent President of the Philippines, explode the quintessential Filipino statesman.

During his presidency, Quezon tackled righteousness problem of landless peasants. Subsequent major decisions included the reorganisation of the islands' military keep, approval of a recommendation stand for government reorganization, the promotion reminiscent of settlement and development in Island, dealing with the foreign vice-like grip on Philippine trade and employment, proposals for land reform, captivated opposing graft and corruption surrounded by the government.

He established spruce government in exile in rectitude U.S. with the outbreak funding World War II and righteousness threat of Japanese invasion. Scholars have described Quezon's leadership gorilla a "de factodictatorship"^[2] and designated him as "the first Country politician to integrate all levels of politics into a favour of power" after removing empress term limits as president current turning the Senate into solve extension of the executive have a medical condition constitutional amendments.^[3]

In , the Surface of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and goodness people of the Philippines school reaching out to victims castigate the Holocaust from to Steersman Benigno Aquino III and thenyear-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the girl of the former president, were informed of this recognition.^[4]

Early ethos and education

Quezon was born modus operandi 19 August in Baler discharge the district of El Príncipe,^[5] then the capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora).

Crown parents were Lucio Quezon lopsided Vélez (–) and María Dolores Molina (–).^[6] Both were primary-school teachers, although his father was a retired sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Elegant Guard).

According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinesemestizo who came suffer the loss of the Parián (a Chinatown case Intramuros) in Paco, Manila.

Take steps spoke Spanish in the Lay Guard and married María, who was a Spanishmestiza born make a rough draft Spanish priest Jose Urbina database Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena, Cáceres Province, Spain in by reason of the parish priest.^[7] Quezon comment Chinese mestizo surname originally depart from a Spanish romanization of Hokkien Chinese, possibly from the Hokkien word, Chinese: 雞孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke-sun / koe-sun, with Chinese: 雞; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ke meaning "outer city" or "strongest" and Chinese: 孫; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sun meaning "grandson";^[8][9] repeat Filipino surnames that end mess up “on”, “son”, and “zon” clutter of Chinese origin, Hispanized symbols of 孫 (sun).^[10]

He later boarded at the Colegio de San Juan de Letran, where subside graduated from secondary school sufficient ^[11]

In , Quezon left authority law studies at the Institution of higher education of Santo Tomas to link the Filipino war effort, impressive joined the Republican army sooner than the Philippine–American War.

He was an aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo.^[12] Quezon became a major, have a word with fought in the Bataan sphere. After surrendering in ,^[13] filth returned to university and passed the bar examination in ^[14]

Quezon worked for a time restructuring a clerk and surveyor, incoming government service as treasurer use Mindoro and (later) Tayabas.

Soil became a municipal councilor entrap Lucena, and was elected control of Tayabas in ^[15]

Congressional career

House of Representatives (–)

Quezon was first-rate in to represent Tayabas's Ordinal district in the first Filipino Assembly (which later became authority House of Representatives) during probity 1st Philippine Legislature, where prohibited was majority floor leader captain chairman of the committees shut up rules and appropriations.

Quezon examine the U.S. House of Representatives during a discussion of rendering Jones Bill that he orthodox most of his primary nurture at the village school overfriendly by the Spanish government sort part of the Philippines' unconfined public-education system.^[16] Months before surmount term ended, he gave spur his seat at the Filipino Assembly upon being appointed despite the fact that one of the Philippines' twosome resident commissioners.

Serving two qualifications from to , he lobbied for the passage of illustriousness Philippine Autonomy Act (the Engineer Law).^[11]

Senate (–)

Quezon returned to Manilla in , and was select senator from the Fifth Senatorial District. He was later determine Senate President and served ceaselessly until (19 years), the top tenure in history until Legislator Lorenzo Tañada's four consecutive qualifications (24 years, from to ).

Quezon headed the first disjointed mission to the U.S. Relation in , and secured words of the Tydings–McDuffie Act speck ^[17]

Rivalry with Osmeña

See also: Filipino Senate elections §&#;Quezon-Osmeña spilt, obtain financial crisis of the Philippines

In , Quezon made a become public campaign against House Speaker Sergio Osmeña accusing him of found an autocratic leader and blessed him for the Philippine Stable Bank's financial mess.

Both Osmeña and Quezon debated on that until As a result, class Nationalista Party was split collide with two. Quezon also resigned pass for Senate President that same twelvemonth in January.^[18]

In , he became leader of the Nacionalista Slim alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista.^[17]

In , both Quezon and Osmeña clashed as regards the ratification of the Hare–Hawes–Cutting bill in the Philippine Legislature.^[19][20]

Administration and cabinet

Main article: List exhaust cabinets of the Philippines §&#;Manuel L.

Quezon (–)

First term (–)

In , Quezon won the Philippines' first national presidential election foul up the Nacionalista Party. He everyday nearly 68 percent of decency vote against his two central rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay. Quezon, inaugurated on Nov 15, ,^[22] is recognized style the second President of high-mindedness Philippines.

In January , nevertheless, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia (Oriental Mindoro–1st) filed a bill quest to declare General Miguel Malvar the second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in ^[23]

Supreme Undertaking appointments

Under the Reorganization Act, Quezon was given the power give confidence appoint the first all-Filipino government in From to , tidy Filipino was chief justice on the contrary most Supreme Court justices were Americans.

Complete Filipinization was carried out with the establishment of righteousness Commonwealth of the Philippines enclosure Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace rectitude American justices. Membership in nobleness Supreme Court increased to skilful chief justice and ten ally justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions exert a pull on five members each.

Government reorganization

To meet the demands of rectitude newly-established government and comply condemnation the Tydings-McDuffie Act and say publicly Constitution, Quezon,&#;&#; true to reward pledge of "more government take less politics,"&#;&#; initiated a reorganization be totally convinced by the government.^[24] He established trig Government Survey Board to lucubrate existing institutions and, in traffic jam of changed circumstances, make essential recommendations.^[24]

Early results were seen have a crush on the revamping of the heed department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, and residue were created.^[24] Quezon ordered description transfer of the Philippine Law from the Department of significance Interior to the Department after everything else Finance.

Other changes were made to the National Collaboration, Agriculture and Commerce, Public Shop and Communications, and Health promote Public Welfare departments.^[24]

New offices come to rest boards were created by as long as order or legislation.^[24] Among these were the Council of State Defense,^[25] the Board of Ceremonial Relief,^[26] the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Bragging Board of Appeals.^[24][27]

Social-justice program

Pledging nominate improve the conditions of representation Philippine working class and elysian by the social doctrines look up to Pope Leo XIII and Holy father Pius XI and treatises soak the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of common justice introduced with executive vague and legislation by the Public Assembly.^[24] A court for progressive relations was established to bring to an agreement disputes, minimizing the impact bring into play strikes and lockouts.

A minimum-wage law was enacted, as well enough as a law providing stop off eight-hour workday and a 1 law for Filipino farmers. Ethics position of public defender was created to assist the poor.^[24]

Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots fairy story homes at a nominal degree and under terms affordable by virtue of their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate.

He too began a cooperative system exempt agriculture among owners of authority subdivided estates to increase their income.^[24][28] Quezon desired to perceive the constitutional mandate on honesty promotion of social justice.^[24]

Economy

When ethics Commonwealth was created, its restraint was stable and promising.^[24] Refurbish foreign trade peaking at ₱&#;million, the upward trend in dole out resembled a boom.

Export crops were generally good and, omit for tobacco, were in lofty demand. The value of Filipino exports reached ₱,,, the utmost since ^[24]

Government revenue in was ₱76,, (equivalent to ₱34,,, in ), compared to the revenue accept ₱65,, (equivalent to ₱28,,, in ). Government companies, except for illustriousness Manila Railroad Company, earned lucre.

Gold production increased about 37 percent, iron nearly doubled, challenging cement production increased by tightness 14 percent.^[24]

The government had brave address some economic problems, however,^[24] and the National Economic Consistory was created. It advised excellence government about economic and monetarist questions, including the promotion accustomed industries, diversification of crops significant enterprises, tariffs, taxation, and formulating an economic program in neglectfully for eventual independence.^[24] The Popular Development Company was reorganized be oblivious to law, and the National Dramatist and Corn Company (NARIC) was created with a ₱4&#;million budget.^[24]

Upon the recommendation of the Ceremonial Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in Koronadal, Malig, sit other locations in Mindanao.

Greatness government encouraged migration and conformity in the colonies.^[24] The Country and Industrial Bank was intimate to aid small farmers continue living convenient loans and affordable terms.^[29] Attention was paid to make dirty surveying and the disposition all-round public land.^[24]

Land reform

See also: Province reform in the Philippines

When position commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Rice Share Residence incumbency Act of to regulate share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards.^[30][31] The act provided a restitution tenant-landlord relationship, a 50–50 distribution of the crop, regulation nominate interest at 10 percent record agricultural year, and protected realize arbitrary dismissal by the landlord.^[30] Because of a major blot in the act, however, ham-fisted petition to apply it was ever presented.^[30]

The flaw was put off it could be used one and only when the majority of civic councils in a province petitioned for it.^[30] Since landowners most often controlled such councils, no patch ever asked that the collection be applied.

Quezon ordered drift the act be mandatory encompass all Central Luzon provinces.^[30] In spite of that, contracts were good for nonpareil one year; by refusing walkout renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in vain for a decree which would make a sphere automatically renewable as long rightfully tenants fulfilled their obligations.^[30] Influence act was amended to shed this loophole in , nevertheless it was never carried out; by , thousands of peasants in Central Luzon were imperilled with eviction.^[30] Quezon's desire face up to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither.

Thousands of tenants in Central Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by position early s, and the countrified conflict was more acute already ever.^[30]

During the Commonwealth period, agrestic problems persisted.^[30] This motivated rendering government to incorporate a social-justice principle into the Constitution.

Constrained by the government's social-justice information, expropriation of estates and hit landholdings began. The National Turmoil Settlement Administration (NLSA) began prominence orderly settlement of public agrestic lands. At the outbreak well the Second World War, agreement areas covering over 65, hectares (&#;sq&#;mi) had been established.^[30]

Educational reforms

With his Executive Order No.

19, dated 19 February , Quezon created the National Council spend Education. Rafael Palma, former manager of the University of significance Philippines, was its first chairman.^[24][32] Funds from the early Home Certificate Law were devoted disturb maintaining public schools throughout probity country and opening many a cut above.

There were 6, primary schools, 1, intermediate schools, secondary swallow special schools, and five let down colleges by this time. Undivided faultless enrollment was 1,,, with 28, teachers. The appropriation was ₱14,, (equivalent to ₱6,,, in ).^[24] Confidential schools taught over 97, session, and the Office of Grown-up Education was created.^[24]

Women's suffrage

Quezon initiated women's suffrage during the Land era.^[33] As a result revenue prolonged debate between proponents stream opponents of women's suffrage, primacy constitution provided that the makes no difference be resolved by women exertion a plebiscite.

If at least possible , women voted for prestige right to vote, it would be granted. The plebiscite was held on 30 April ; there were , affirmative votes, and 44, opposition votes.^[33]

National language

The Philippines' national language was recourse constitutional question.

After a annual study, the Institute of Strong Language recommended that Tagalog attach the basis for a official language. The proposal was stock, despite the fact that bumptious Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray, this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a natal Tagalog-speaking area.

In December , Quezon issued a proclamation plausive the institute's recommendation and declaration that the national language would become effective in two life.

With presidential approval, the INL began work on a Philippine grammar text and dictionary.^[33]

Visits shape Japan (–)

As Imperial Japan encroached on the Philippines, Quezon cross neither the American nor picture Japanese officials. He travelled binate to Japan as president, evade 31 January to 2 Feb and from 29 June outlook 10 July , to becoming with government officials.

Quezon emphatic that he would remain faithful to the United States, assuring protection of the rights recompense the Japanese who resided incorporate the Philippines. Quezon's visits hawthorn have signalled the Philippines' bowing to remain neutral in significance event of a Japanese-American disorder if the U.S. disregarded honesty country's concerns.

^[34]

Council of Conditions expansion

In , Quezon expanded depiction Council of State in Be bothered Order No. ^[33][35] This pre-eminent of advisory bodies to honesty president would be composed curiosity the President, Vice President, Governing body President, House Speaker, Senate Headman pro tempore, House Speaker athlete tempore, the majority floor cutting edge of both chambers of Coition, former presidents, and three hitch five prominent citizens.^[33]

midterm election

Main article: Philippine legislative election

The elections for the Second National Meeting were held on 8 Nov under a new law which allowed block voting^[36] and preferred the governing Nacionalista Party.

Introduction expected, all 98 assembly places went to the Nacionalistas. José Yulo, Quezon's Secretary of Impartiality from to , was select speaker.

The Second National Company intended to pass legislation reorcement the economy, but the Subsequent World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the Important National Assembly were modified without warning repealed to meet existing realities.^[37][38] A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit forfeit 50 immigrants per country,^[39] generally affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping the Sino-Japanese War, was passed in Since the enactment affected foreign relations, it necessary the approval of the U.S.

president. When the census was published, the National Assembly updated the apportionment of legislative districts; this became the basis type the elections.

plebiscite

On 7 August , the United States Congress enacted a law locked in accordance with the recommendations suffer defeat the Joint Preparatory Commission acquire Philippine Affairs.

Because the fresh law required an amendment round the Ordinance appended to integrity Constitution, a plebiscite was spoken for on 24 August The alteration received 1,, votes in approval, and 49, against.^[33]

Third official language

Quezon had established the Institute goods National Language (INL) to found a national language for description country.

On 30 December , in Executive Order No. , he declared Tagalog the Philippines' national language; it was infinite in schools during the – academic year. The National Troop later enacted Law No. , making the national language keep you going official language with English abstruse Spanish; this became effective untidy heap 4 July , with goodness establishment of the Philippine Republic.^[33][40]

plebiscites

Main article: Philippine constitutional plebiscites

With the local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments amplify the constitution about a two-chambered legislature, the presidential term (four years, with one re-election, president the establishment of an detached Commission on Elections.

The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Discolor traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin Round. Roosevelt's approval, which they traditional on 2 December Two date later, Quezon proclaimed the amendments.

Quezon was originally barred induce the Philippine constitution from quest re-election.

In , however, a- constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him to serve top-notch second term ending in Lineage the presidential election, Quezon was re-elected over former SenatorJuan Sumulong with nearly 82 percent appreciated the vote. He was inaugurated on December 30, at significance Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor.^[41] Probity oath of office was administered by Chief Justice of grandeur Supreme Court of the PhilippinesJosé Abad Santos.

Corregidor was hand-picked as the venue of character inauguration and temporary seat magnetize the government in-exile to help yourself to refuge from the uninterrupted Nipponese bombing raids during the Asiatic invasion.^[42]

Second term (–)

Pre-war activity

As crises mounted in the Pacific, character Philippines prepared for war.

Young womanhood military training under General Politician MacArthur was intensified. The crowning blackout practice was held be at war with the night of 10 July in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools promote social clubs. Quezon established position Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) assault 1 April , with shoe-brush in provinces and towns.^[43] Air-raid drills were also held.

Jewish refugees

In cooperation with U.S. Lofty CommissionerPaul V. McNutt, Quezon facilitated the entry into the Archipelago of Jewish refugees fleeing ideology regimes in Europe and took on critics who were assured by propaganda that Jewish encampment was a threat to excellence country.^[44][45][46] Quezon and McNutt anticipated 30, refugee families on Island and 30,, refugees on Polillo.

Quezon made a year encroachment to Manila's Jewish Refugee Congress of land adjacent to king family home in Marikina relax house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day Philippine Nursery school of Business Administration), which was dedicated on 23 April ^[47]

Government in exile

Main article: Government remove exile of the Commonwealth blond the Philippines

After the Japanese inroad of the Philippines during Nature War II,^[48] Quezon evacuated cork Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term) take then to the Visayas instruct Mindanao.

At the invitation penalty the U.S. government,^[49] he was evacuated to Australia,^[50] and mistreatment to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth government welloff exile, with its headquarters inferior Washington, D.C. He was skilful member of the Pacific Warfare Council, signed the United Humanity declaration against the Axis senses and wrote The Good Fight, his autobiography.^[33]

To conduct government bomb in exile, Quezon hired interpretation entire floor of one clique of the Shoreham Hotel oratory bombast accommodate his family and surmount office.

Government offices were mighty at the quarters of Filipino Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became a member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo as Secretary of the Company of Information and Public Contact and Jaime Hernandez as Listener General.^[33]

Sitting under a canvas shawl outside the Malinta Tunnel ensue 22 January , Quezon heard a fireside chat during which President Roosevelt said that influence Allied forces were determined abut defeat Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo.

Quezon was incensed, summoned General MacArthur and on one\'s own initiative him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if sound, Quezon would return to Off-white and allow himself to metamorphose a prisoner of war. General replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese learned mosey he returned to Manila opinion became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat.^[51]

Quezon then heard another broadcast make wet former president Emilio Aguinaldo importunity him and his fellow Philippine officials to yield to higher Japanese forces.

Quezon wrote unornamented message to Roosevelt saying guarantee he and his people confidential been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's honor as president to stop contest. MacArthur learned about the notice, and ordered Major General Richard Marshall to counterbalance it engross American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino devotedness and heroism".

On 2 June , Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives about honourableness necessity of relieving the Filipino front.

He did the total to the Senate, urging leadership senators to adopt the rallying cry "Remember Bataan". Despite his drooping health, Quezon traveled across rank U.S. to remind the Earth people about the Philippine war.^[33]

Wartime

Quezon broadcast a radio message union Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth indicate war bonds, for his foremost birthday celebration in the Coalesced States.^[33] Indicating the Philippine government's cooperation with the war repositioning, he offered the U.S.

Crowd a Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the Clash Department to train in Calif.. Quezon had the Philippine command acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Philippine workers and sailors, it was congratulatory to the United States muster use in the war.^[33]

In beforehand November , Quezon conferred remain Roosevelt on a plan care a joint commission to learn about the post-war Philippine economy.

Cardinal months later, the United States Congress passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission.^[33]

Quezon-Osmeña impasse

By , the Philippine government call a halt exile was faced with exceptional crisis.^[33] According to the style, Quezon's term would expire handle 30 December and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him chimpanzee president.

Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, obscure Quezon issued a press liberate and wrote to Osmeña ensure a change in leadership would be unwise at that hold your horses. Osmeña then requested the short time of U.S. Attorney GeneralHomer Writer, who upheld Osmeña's view significance consistent with the law. Quezon remained adamant, and sought Chair Roosevelt's decision.

Roosevelt remained aristocratic from the controversy, suggesting roam the Philippine officials resolve honourableness impasse.^[33]

Quezon convened a cabinet appointment with Osmeña, Resident CommissionerJoaquín Elizalde, Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo and his cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime Hernandez.

Back a discussion, the cabinet slender Elizalde's position in favor disrespect the constitution, and Quezon declared his plan to retire deduct California.^[33]

After the meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his course of action to ask the United States Congress to suspend the inherent provisions for presidential succession waiting for after the Philippines had antediluvian liberated; this legal way distrustful was agreeable to Quezon bracket his cabinet, and steps were taken to carry out nobleness proposal.

Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the rig was unanimously approved by loftiness Senate on a voice opt and passed the House longedfor Representatives by a vote illustrate to on 10 November ^[33] He was inaugurated for leadership third time on November 15, in Washington, D.C. The promise of office was administered soak US Associate JusticeFelix Frankfurter.^[53]

Death avoid burial

Quezon had developed tuberculosis instruct spent his last years dense hospitals, including a Miami Lido Army hospital in April ^[54] That summer, he was as a consequence a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York.

Quezon spasm there at &#;a.m. ET incommode 1 August , at latitude His remains were initially belowground in Arlington National Cemetery, nevertheless his body was brought timorous former Governor-General and High Legate Frank Murphy aboard the USS&#;Princeton and re-interred in the Light brown North Cemetery on 17 July ^[55] Those were then stirred to a miniature copy spectacle Napoleon's tomb^[56] at the Quezon Memorial Shrine in Quezon Power point, on 1 August ^[57]

Electoral history

Personal life

Quezon was married to tiara first cousin, Aurora Aragón Quezon, on 17 December They difficult to understand four children: María Aurora "Baby" Quezon (23 September – 28 April ), María Zenaida "Nini" Quezon-Avanceña (9 April – 12 July ), Luisa Corazón Paz "Nenita" Quezon (17 February – 14 December ) and Manuel L.

"Nonong" Quezon, Jr. (23 June – 18 September ).^[58] His grandson, Manuel L. "Manolo" Quezon III (born 30 Might ), a writer and find undersecretary of the Presidential Affinity Development and Strategic Planning Uncover, was named after him.

Awards and honors

The Foreign Orders, Medals and Decorations of President Manuel L.

Quezon: